How Does An Incrmental Encoder Work

How Does An Incrmental Encoder Work 

The working principle of the incremental encoder is primarily based on converting light into electrical signals. It consists of a circular grating disk, a light-emitting device (usually an infrared light source), and one or more light-sensitive devices.

The grating disk is aligned with the motor, so when the motor rotates, the grating disk also rotates. The light-emitting device shines light onto the grating disk, projecting its image onto the light-sensitive element.

The grating disk has transparent and opaque areas that are evenly spaced. As the grating disk rotates, the light-sensitive element detects the presence or absence of light and generates a digital signal. A "1" represents the presence of light, while a "0" represents the absence of light. These digital signals indicate the displacement or velocity of the encoder.

Typically, incremental encoders produce three sets of square wave pulses known as A, B, and Z phases. The A and B phases have a 90° phase difference, allowing the system to determine the direction of rotation. The Z-phase pulse is generated once per revolution, serving as a reference point for position measurement and calibration. By calculating the number of received pulses, the magnitude of displacement can be determined.

In addition, incremental encoders are typically used in conjunction with counters and directional circuits to achieve discrimination of rotation direction and increase or decrease in the number of pulses. This encoder is suitable for applications that require high precision and reliability, such as industrial automation and robotics technology.

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